Relative Locators

Selenium 4 can find an element by where it is on screen relative to another element. Useful when a field has no good attributes but its label does.

<label for="f1">Email</label>     <input id="f1">
<label for="f2">Password</label>  <input id="f2">
<button>Cancel</button>  <button>Login</button>

import static org.openqa.selenium.support.locators.RelativeLocator.with;

WebElement emailLabel = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//label[text()='Email']"));
WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//label[text()='Password']"));

WebElement emailBox    = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input")).toRightOf(emailLabel));
WebElement passwordBox = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input")).below(emailBox));
WebElement login       = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.xpath("//button[text()='Cancel']")));
WebElement nearLabel   = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input")).near(password));   // within 50 px

emailBox.sendKeys("[email protected]");

• Positions come from the rendered layout, so results change with window size and responsive layouts. Set a fixed window size.
• Chain conditions to be precise: with(By.tagName("input")).below(emailBox).above(loginBtn).
• Prefer id, name, CSS or XPath when they exist. Relative locators are a helper, not the first choice.